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| The Night of the Hunter (1955) | |
| Background
Robert Mitchum gave what some consider his finest performance in a precedent-setting, unpopular, and truly terrifying role as the sleepy-eyed, diabolical, dark-souled, self-appointed serial killer/Preacher with psychotic, murderous tendencies while in pursuit of $10,000 in cash. Lillian Gish played his opposite - a saintly good woman who provided refuge for the victimized children. The film's characters and plot were described in a press-book poster:
The disturbing, complex story was based on the popular, best-selling 1953 Depression-era novel of the same name by first-time writer Davis Grubb, who set the location of his novel in the town of Moundsville, WV, where the West Virginia Penitentiary (also mentioned in the film) was located. Grubb lived in nearby Clarksburg as a young teenager. In addition, the visually-striking black-white photography of Stanley Cortez (who also shot Welles' black and white The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)) and the evocative musical score of Walter Schumann (mixing hymns, children's songs, and orchestral music) are exceptional. However, the film was not nominated for a single Academy Award, in a year when the short romantic drama Marty (1955) unaccountably won the Best Picture Oscar. The film's slogan on a major poster suggested violence, with an image of actor Mitchum hugging a distressed Shelley Winters, with his L-O-V-E tattooed hand embracing her back, and the H-A-T-E tattooed hand grasping a knife. :
Another included the quote: "This morning, we were married, and now you think I'm going to kiss you, hold you, call me my wife."
The stylistic film, shot in only thirty-six days - an adult story with children as major characters, was extremely unusual and unpopular for its time for other reasons. It was black and white (when color was en vogue), shown in standard ratio (when theaters were showing Cinemascope wide-screen films), and it daringly portrayed a perverted, pedophile Preacher as the main protagonist - a villainous, obsessive, homicidal, and misogynous character with repressed sexuality and violence.
The high-contrast, melodramatic-horror film with macabre humor deliberately pays tribute to its silent film heritage, and to pioneering director D. W. Griffith in its style (the use of stark, expressionistic black and white cinematography, archaic camera devices such as iris down) and in its casting of Griffith's principal protegé/silent star, the legendary Lillian Gish (in her first film since Portrait of Jennie (1948)). Told with inventive, stylized, timeless and dark film noirish images, symbolism and visual poetry, it blends both a pastoral setting with dream-like creatures, fanatical characters, imperiled children during a river journey, a wicked guardian/adult, and salvation and redemption in the form of a old farm woman (a 'fairy godmother') rather than from a saintly but devilish Bible-totin' Preacher. In Laughton's words, it was "a nightmarish sort of Mother Goose tale." It also resembled the fairy-tale of the Big Bad Wolf's pursuit of the little pigs. From its start, the film is designed to have the special feeling of a child's nightmare, including the difficult keeping of a secret, and a magical journey to safety - all told from a child's point of view. It also accentuates the contrasting, elemental dualities within the film: heaven and earth (or under-the-earth), male and female, light and dark, good and evil, knowingness and innocence, and other polarizations including equating the Preacher with the devil. Plot SynopsisThe credits play over a starry night sky (heaven), after which a Bible-fearing farm woman named Rachel (Lillian Gish), dressed in a plain dress with shoulder shawl, magically materializes over the star-filled night background. To her five disembodied foster children around her and suspended in the heavens, she tells a cautionary Bible story about false prophets ("ravening wolves") in sheep's clothing, while a chorus sings behind her, "Dream, Little One, Dream":
The camera then moves plunges downward to earth to the film's general locale - the Ohio River Valley. The farm landscape is first shown in aerial helicopter shots or from a God's eye-view. There is a wooded area near the banks of a winding river. Children are playing hide-and-seek outside a rural house. Suddenly, one of the children discovers the legs of the corpse of a murdered woman inside a basement entrance, and the other children gather around. The Bible story's lesson continues as the camera pulls back to another high-angle view, recoiling from the murder:
The camera then tracks after an open touring Essex car [stolen], a Model T driven down a country road by a sinister, crazed, malevolent, black-cloaked, wide-brimmed and hatted 'Preacher' Harry Powell (Robert Mitchum), one of the 'false prophets.' In a chilling, perversely evil and memorable monologue to the Lord, the misogynistic killer-evangelist with borderline sanity, glances heavenward and delivers an insane prayer. He complains that he is "tired" of ridding the world of tempting females [one being the dead body just discovered]. As he drives by a cemetery, he reveals that he is a serial killer on an earthly mission who receives divine inspirations to first marry, and then murder and rob vain and wicked women (usually rich lonely widows who do not see the menacing perversity in him):
In the next scene, the avenging 'preacher' sits in a burlesque strip show with a stripper in action on stage. He stares with hate in his eyes at the sinful burlesque dancer (Gloria Pall) (seen through a keyhole iris), despising the sexy woman because she arouses his carnal instincts. His left hand, tattooed with the letters "H-A-T-E" on his four fingers, clenches and then reaches in his coat pocket to grab his concealed switchblade knife. As his libido is aroused, the flick-knife spontaneously opens - a sexual phallic symbol - violently and orgasmically ripping out the pocket as he thinks what he might do to the stripper (he would literally open her up with his 'knife') to punish her for tempting him to lustful sin. But then the sexually-repressed Preacher reconsiders:
Suddenly, a long arm of the law grabs him on the shoulder, and asks ("Are you driving a touring car with a Moundsville license?") before apprehending him - the hand belongs to a policeman, and with a scene wipe left, 'Preacher' Harry Powell is sentenced before a judge to thirty days in the Moundsville, West Virginia Penitentiary for stealing an auto. The judge is disbelieving: "A man of God? Harry Powell." Another aerial view, the second overhead shot in the film, shows it is rural West Virginia during the height of the Depression in the 1930s. On a flowery lawn in the small riverside town of Cresap's Landing on the Ohio River [a Mark Twain-like environment], a young nine-year old boy John (Billy Chapin) is playing happily with his little sister four-year old Pearl (Sally Jane Bruce) and her doll named Miss Jenny when he sees a car speeding down the road. He cries: "Daddy," and jumps up to meet his father Ben Harper (Peter Graves). He stops suddenly when he sees his agitated father climb out of the car, bleeding from a bullet wound in the shoulder. He is also holding a gun in one hand and a wad of money in the other. [Harper has robbed a bank of ten thousand dollars to feed his family during hard times, but in his escape killed two people and was wounded.] As police sirens approach closer from the distance, Ben is desperate to conceal the money. He thinks of places to hide his stolen money, almost $10,000: "The rock in the smokehouse, no, the bricks in the grape arbor, no, no, they'll dig for it. Sure. That's the place." He picks a place no one will guess. [Offscreen, the money is stashed inside the body of Pearl's doll.] Then, because he believes that his wife doesn't have "common sense" and won't keep secret the hiding place of the money, he entrusts the knowledge to John. He also has his son swear or promise to be an adult guardian - to take care of and protect his sister, and look after the money:
Two police cars roar into the yard and four policeman cautiously approach, taking Ben Harper's gun away, knocking him to the ground, and handcuffing his hands behind his back. His young son winces and clutches his stomach in pain as he watches them arrest his father. [When his evil stepfather is arrested in the film's climax, he reacts similarly with the empathic gesture.] John's mother Willa (Shelley Winters) comes outside, takes Pearl into her arms, and watches as her husband is driven away after his arrest. After a trial, Harper is sentenced to death by hanging for having killed two people in the bank robbery, but the money is never recovered. Harper and Powell become prison cellmates in the Moundsville Penitentiary, and during the last weeks of Ben's life before his execution, the deranged Preacher Powell (who is serving a shorter sentence of thirty days for car theft) listens to Harper's mumblings and dreams, hanging over the top bunk in the cell. He tries to coax, wheedle, and cajole Harper's unconscious to reveal the hiding place of his robbery money. Ben isn't really asleep and slugs Powell in the face, tumbling him out of bed. Harper stoically refuses to tell him its location even after continual badgering. Powell has heard Harper quoting Scripture, hinting at a clue: "And a little child shall lead them." Harper explains his motives for robbing the bank during the hard times of the Depression - to keep his children from being hungry and homeless:
The smooth-talking, self-ordained 'Preacher' is a pretender. He uses the scriptures for his own ends, representing the 'hate' that he preaches against. With divine assistance, he smuggled his knife into the prison without the guards knowing:
The itinerant preacher tries to convince Harper to reveal where the missing money is located so that he can build a tabernacle. Recognizing that the preacher is not a man of God, Harper wants to know what strange religion the preacher professes, and is told:
When Harper is hanged (offscreen) in an abbreviated sequence, taking the secret of the money's location to his death ("he never broke...he took the secret with him"), at his barred jail window, Powell gives thanks to his Lord delivering his prayer as he holds his switchblade between his hands. He reveals that his right hand's fingers are tattooed with the letters: "L-O-V-E." He looks to the heavens from a window of the prison while planning his next maniacal, obsessional act - another serial killing:
As a bell tolls following the hanging of Harper - a family man, Bart (uncredited Paul Bryar) the guard-executioner is followed from the prison to his domestic home, where he looks in fondly on his two peacefully-asleep children and then washes his hands clean. The scene cuts to a school playground, where John and Pearl are ostracized and teased by classmates for what their father did. The children sing a song called "Hing, Hang, Hung (See What the Hangman Done)" and one boy sketches a stick-figure chalk drawing on a brick pillar to mock their father's hanging. John and Pearl have successfully kept their father's secret regarding the money. Their young widowed mother works at the local Spoons Ice Cream Parlor. On a number of occasions in the depressed rural town of Cresap's Landing, Willa is advised by busybody, small-minded, gossipy and garrulous, match-making employer Mrs. Icey Spoon (Evelyn Varden) to find a husband:
Ominously in the dark, with a slanted camera angle, a train approaches the small town - carrying the newly-freed Powell who has been released from prison and is in malevolent pursuit of the money, Harper's children - and Harper's widow. The conversation in the ice-cream parlor continues:
Another closer view of the train coming toward the town is presented. On a moonlit night in their bedroom (with strange angles and shadows), John and Pearl are getting ready for bed when Pearl asks for a bedtime story. John relates a story about a rich king who had a son and daughter, living in a castle in Africa. One day, the king was taken away by bad men, but before he was taken off, he told his son to kill anyone who tried to steal his gold while he was gone.
Just then, for a frightening moment (strikingly portrayed from John's point of view or perspective), a huge, terrifying black shadow of the head of the 'Preacher' covers John on the wall of the children's bedroom. Pearl gasps and points in fear. Looking out the window, John sees an almost supernatural figure - a Preacher dressed all in black standing under the streetlight in front of their house. The Preacher slowly strolls away, seductively singing a modified version of his signature tune (and the film's ironic refrain), the ominous hymn - "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms": "Leaning, leaning..." |
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The
Night of the Hunter (1955) is a truly compelling, haunting,
and frightening classic masterpiece thriller-fantasy, and the only
film ever directed by the great British actor Charles Laughton.
The American gothic, Biblical tale of greed, innocence, seduction,
sin and corruption was adapted for the screen by famed writer-author
James Agee (and Laughton, but without screen credit). Although
one of the greatest American films of all time, the imaginatively-chilling,
strange, experimental, sophisticated work was idiosyncratic, film
noirish, avant garde and expressionistically dreamy, but it was both
ignored and misunderstood at the time of its release.
Originally, it was a critical and commercial failure.